Sexual Frustration, Sublimation, and Aggression in Brobdingnag - Literature Essay Samples

In the voyage to Brobdingnag section of Jonathan Swifts Gullivers Travels, the title character fits a common psychological profile over 150 years before the theory describing it was technically defined. The story manifestly presupposes the Freudian concept of sublimation of repressed sexual frustration into behavior redirected toward another goal with the intent to prove the initial sexual merit through other means. Norman O. Brown recognizes Swifts foresight, explicitly stating that Swift did anticipate the doctrine of sublimation (44). Brown expresses wonder at how Swift was able to anticipate the doctrine (44). Swifts intention is not critical to this interpretation of the story, but the idea that Swift was not familiar with the concept of sublimation as it existed during his time would be a real surprise. Gullivers voyage to Brobdingnag is a thematically coherent pre-Freudian exploration of Gullivers sublimating his sexual frustration and humiliation into his vision of the higher goal of proving to the King his own unquestioned masculine worth, climaxing in his aggressive, sexually charged revelation of the secrets of the invention and uses of gunpowder. Etymological evidence strongly supports the possibility that Swift was acquainted with sublimation as a motivating factor that at the time was quite similar in definition to its meaning in current Freudian terminology. The intrinsic meaning of the word sublimation according to the Oxford English Dictionary is the chemical action or process of subliming or converting a solid substance by means of heat into vapour, which resolidifies on cooling. By the seventeenth century however, the word was also being defined as an elevation to a higher state or plane of existence; transmutation into something higher, purer, or more sublime (Loewald 12). In A Tale of a Tub Swift writes that a certain great prince dealing with sexual frustration was moved by a vapour that rose to his brain and caused him to turn aside all peaceable endeavors and instead aggressively dream of nothing but sieges, battles and victories (2313-2314). In psychoanalytical terms, sublimation denotes some sort of conversion or transmutation from a lower to a higher, and presumably purer, state or plane of existence-be it the transmutation of a material substance or of an instinct and its objects and aim (Loewald 12-13). The modern psychological definition is almost identical to the definition with which Swift would have been familiar. Of key importance is the understanding that often the sublimated action involves aggressive behavior-the psychological equivalent of the heat that converts solids into vapor-that underlies the supposed purer goal. Aggressiveness as it relates to the pursuit of a higher goal is demonstrated by Swifts prince, who was suspected by others of raising mighty armies for such elevated purposes-some would say-of strengthening his reformed religion, or of recapturing Palestine from the Tu rks (2313). These are admirable ends from one perspective, but ones that utilize severely aggressive means. In Gullivers Travels, sublimation is examined in much more detail, resulting in Gulliver also exhibiting sexual frustration that he sublimates into the pursuit of admirable goals that end up intertwined with violence by the end. Gullivers description of himself in Lilliput heightens his sense of sexual potency and power because of his physical size relative to the natives, inflating his ego precisely because the size of his penis instills awe among the little people. In a very telling passage from the first voyage Gulliver describes how he would stand like a Colussus, with my Legs as far asunder as I conveniently could while the army of Lilliput would march underneath him, taking the opportunity to look up his breeches, affording the soldiers some Opportunities for Laughter and Admiration (25). The description of himself as a colossus not only implies something large and powerful, but references the Colussus of Rhodes, one of the Seven Wonders of the World. Combined with the Admiration he instills in the soldiers who gaze upon his magnificent member, its obvious that Gulliver is extremely pleased with the view of himself in Lilliput as the supreme exemplar of sexual potency. But how can Gulliver deliver on this sexual capacity when it seems physically beyond consummation? What is the point of sexual power when it cannot be used? In a passage in which the purpose for writing it is quite relevant but not entirely clear, Gulliver is able to both further boost his ego and also circumvent the problems posed by these questions. He delivers to the reader an inference that even if he is incapable of committing sexual acts with the Lilliputian women, they at least find him attractive and sexually desirable. The description of the alleged affair with the Treasurers wife no doubt proves comical to everyone but Gulliver, who doth protest too much against his having engaged in a feat of intercourse which would be physically impossible. That being the case, it seems probable that despite his protestation Gulliver doesnt really relate this story to clear the name of a woman the reader will never know, but rather includes it in the narrative to aggrandize his sexual appeal. This seems to be a reasonable interpretation, but Gullivers motivation for including the story of the impossible affair nevetheless remains open to debate. Charles Hinnant devotes an entire book to the argument that Gullivers Travels is concerned primarily with purity and defilement. He comes to the conclusion that the Treasurers anger isnt even directed at the specific charge of infidelity, but rather at the pollution of forbidden contact (24) between Gulliver and his wife. Robert Hunting recognizes that Gulliver protests too much against the insinuation, but then dismisses Gullivers failure to mention the critical size difference as Gulliver simply being naive (100). What neither of these viewpoints address is the important question of why Gulliver bothers to share this information in the first place, when the prospect is clearly ludicrous. Gulliver must have had some reason for including the account of the liaison and even Philip Pinkus argument that the affair was an incident that developed a chain of intrigue that leads to his downfall and almost to his destruction isnt very strong (33). After all, immediately after his discourse on the affair, Gulliver admits that the intrigue had been for two Months forming against me (47). The strongest argument for Gulliver relating the details of such a bizarrely ridiculous event as his sexual rendezvous with a six-inch tall woman seems to be that it was ego-related on his part to provide further evidence of Gullivers sexual power and desirability. Considering the string of humiliating events which are to follow, it should come as little surprise that Gulliver was tempted to inflate his ow n ego by overemphasizing sexual attractiveness to Lilliputian women, for it is primarily the women of Brobdingnag who will contribute to Gullivers sexual deflation. The women of Brobdingnag are most significantly responsible for neutering Gulliver through dehumanizing him and questioning his masculinity. This contributes to the denial of his own desires for them, which then results in the subsequent sublimation of this denigration of his manhood. Laura Brown is perhaps overstating the case when she writes the scenes that emphasize the scale of size in Book 2 are all centered around the female figure (128), and her point that this emphasis results in misogyny is misplaced, but shes correct in intimating that Gullivers relation to the size of the women will adversely affect his ego. The giant men who originally discover Gulliver dont treat him disrespectfully. Not until the wife of the farmer sees Gulliver is he treated as an object of disgust, and in the course of a few pages Gul liver has gone from seeing himself as a magnificent Wonder of the World to seeing himself as a loathsome little toad or spider (69). He is immediately rejected by the first female Brobdingnagian he sees as a potential object of sexual desire. This same woman, along with her young daughter, will further undercut Gullivers claim to manliness by preparing a female dolls cradle for Gulliver to sleep in (74), beginning a process of dehumanizing Gulliver into a plaything that eventually leads to his figurative castration at the hands of a teenage girl. The Queen will express surprise at so much Wit and good Sense in so diminutive an Animal (81). Wit, of course, was highly valued in the marking of a man at the time as being worthy of sexual interest and the contemptuousness of this back-handed compliment regarding his wit is deepened by the description of Gulliver as being both small and less than human. The Queen later demeans Gulliver by comparing their sizes in a mirror. Aggrava ting the humiliation of the observation that Gulliver has a significantly less imposing presence than a woman is the fact that he has to accept the humiliation with good humor, beginning the process of self-abasement that will be reversed through his efforts of sublimation (85). And finally, it is again the Queen who delivers a gut-wrenching blow to Gullivers machismo by asking him if the People of my Country were as great Cowards as my self (87). Philip Pinkus observes that there is no possibility of [Gullivers] being incorporated into [Brobdingnagian] society as he was in Lilliput (56) because he is a harmless little animal and not a fully actualized man. It might also be added that there is no possibility that Gulliver will be implicated in the same kind of sex scandal that he takes pains to deny in Lilliput. Gulliver clearly is not a sexual being worth tainting ones reputation over in Brobdingnag. As humiliating as these attacks upon his manhood are, however, sublimation wouldnt be necessary were Gulliver not faced with accepting his own sexual desire for the giantesses. Gullivers defense mechanism to deal with his emasculation at the hands of the Brobdingnagian women is to deny the obvious sexual desire he feels upon seeing their body parts. Just as Gullivers denial of the affair with the Treasurers wife in Lilliput proves to be driven by ulterior, egotistical motives, his repeated professions of disgust at the sight of Brobdingnagian breasts reinforces the idea that Gulliver is actually erotically fixated on that particular body part. Gulliver is exposed to Brobdingnagian female nudity in its totality, but all he ever describes are their breasts. Very shortly after arriving, Gulliver finds himself in the presence of the naked breast of a Brobdingnagian woman and describes no part of the womans body other than her breasts (74). Of course, as Robert Hunting writes, confronted by the fact of this huge and horrid dug, who could honestly pretend to see anything else? (124). Naturally, Gulliver declares that he is more affected by the horridness of the breast than by its hugeness and that the sight of it disgusts him. Nonetheless, he does not even note any other portion of her anatomy. The probability that Gulliver is indeed a breast-man is certainly palpable; upon seeing a woman with cancer in her breast, though described as a most horrible Spectacle, he nonetheless engages in the rather fetishistic fantasy of creeping into her breast and covering his whole body (90). Gulliver allows himself to lay naked in the bosoms of the Maids of Honor, yet once again describes the circumstance as being digesting (95). The final example showing Gullivers breast obsession occurs in the same passage, where he describes being set upon the nipples of one of the Maids of Honor (96). Gulliver may well be repulsed by the sight of Brobdingnagian female nudity, but his disgust certainly seems to stem from voyeurism that could be rather eas ily avoided if he so desired. Also of interest is that its not just any one of the Maids of Honor who places him upon her nipples, but significantly and specifically it is the handsomest Maid who is a pleasant and frolicsome Girl of sixteen (95-96). Dismissing the pedophilic overtones that the passage inspires today, what man with Gullivers fixation wouldnt find erotic satisfaction in being in the presence of a beautiful naked sixteen year old girl and being placed upon her immense breast? As Laura Brown rightfully observes, Gullivers disgust with the maids of honor is balanced by a titillating voyeurism that singles out the handsomest and suggests that he is sexually implicated in the scene (129). Furthermore, this scene, by his own description, isnt limited to a single occurrence. Gulliver could have stopped the proceedings before they were repeated simply by appealing to the exceptionally loyal Glumdalclitch. Only after these circumstances have occurred enough times for G ulliver to satisfy his desires and for the humiliation involved to overpower that desire does he reject the idea of any sexual arousal at the sight of the maid, and eventually ask that he not be taken to see her any more (96). At this point, Gullivers denial of sexual impulses converts into actual repression. After all, what can Gulliver hope to accomplish even when he does become sexually aroused? In the words of Frank Boyle, [Gullivers] penis, potent and generative at home and awe-inspiring in Lilliput, would be hardly detectable (Boyle 36). Boyle then goes on to hit the mark directly: Gullivers impotence in Brobdingnag gives rise to horror and disgust (36). This horror arises because he is unable to function sexually in this society. The disgust is borne of his need to repress sexual fantasies which, if expressed, would only further his mortification. Gullivers ultimate sexual humiliation is the energy behind his attempts to sublimate those repressed desires into someth ing higher. Gullivers humiliation and repression of his sexuality are cleverly combined with the use of symbolism in a scene in which Gulliver attempts to sublimate his frustration by proving his manhood and worth to the King. The very same handsomest maid of honor who placed Gulliver upon her nipples also used him in many of Tricks, wherein the Reader will excuse [him] for not being over particular (96). One implication is that Gulliver is being used as a dildo. One way of responding to this would have been for Gulliver to have been happy at finally being seen as a worthy sexual object, and it seems likely that this may have been his initial reaction, since he explicitly states that this wasnt a singular occurrence. At some point however, he must have, understandably, changed his mind about being used this way. Gullivers penis is important in Lilliput as a symbol of martial powerand a stimulus for life-threatening personal jealousy [whereas] in Brobdingnag Gulliver becomes a sort of toy phallus, the sexual plaything of adolescent girls (Boyle 35). In other words, the castration of Gullivers once-prodigious penis is complete. In fact, what he experiences is worse than castration. He is left with his penis and testicles intact because they are recognized as useless. Instead, his entire body is transmutated into a toy designed solely for the sexual gratification of a teenage girl with no consideration of Gullivers own sexual needs. The ultimate humiliation of being turned into a dildo lies in the fact that one thing a dildo cannot do that a penis can is provide sperm for procreation. The very essence of Gullivers manhood has been denied by Brobdingnagian women. His primal sexual worth as a man utterly rejected, Gulliver decides to prove his worth as a man through association with higher forms of accomplishment such as government, law, and economics. During his initial interview with the King, Gulliver obviously engages in the process of sublimating his sexual frustration by attempting to raise his worth as a man from the genital function to a higher function by aligning himself with what he views as the civilizing effects of British politics. This sequence is an excellent demonstration of what Norman O. Brown had in mind when he wrote that Swift sees in sublimation, or at least certain kinds of sublimation, a displacement upward of the genital function (49). The genital function, of course, is to produce offspring and thereby keep the world running with the hope that the offspring will learn more and accomplish more and create a better world. Recognizing the impossibility of accomplishing that in Brobdingnag, Gulliver instead convinces himself that he can improve the kingdom for its succeeding generations by doing the King some signal Service (103). Gulliver then proceeds to outline for the King the greatness of the English system of constitutional government, Englands method of instilling law, and its management of mone y. Gullivers attempts to influence the king recalls another psychological term: transference. Gulliver hopes to transfer what he absolutely believes will be the Kings admiration with England onto Gulliver himself. Everett Zimmerman describes the situation more concretely when he writes that Gulliver needs something of worth to which to attach himself (120). If he can succeed in this attachment his hope is that it will atone for the lack of sexual admiration to which he has been subjected. Unfortunately for Gullivers psychological well-being, the King is far from impressed with what Gulliver sees as the noble accomplishments of his mother country. This sequence climaxes in the celebrated moment after which the King has delineated all the faults he has found in Gullivers discourse and pronounces that Gullivers natives are the most pernicious Race of little odious Vermin that Nature ever suffered to crawl upon the Surface of the Earth (108). Faced with the wholesale desecration o f not only his own character but the character of his entire race, Gulliver makes the mistake that many malicious rats have made throughout history. Gulliver redirects frustrated sexual energy into violence (Boyle 36). Gullivers final attempt at sublimating his frustrated sexual energy is expressed in the passage in which the protagonist reveals the secrets of gunpowder to the king. The language is charged with sexuality and aggression, ultimately combining both elements into a climax that leaves Gulliver completely impotent. Gullivers decision to embrace the power of war that he rejected in Lilliput is not difficult to understand. In the words of Frank Boyle: Individual narcissism, the motive for all our actions, inevitably leads us to moments when the frustration of the narcissistic will detaches us from a sense of human sympathy (Boyle 38). Gullivers sympathy is now entirely directed toward himself. At this point he is desperate to recover his lost sense of manhood that had been so greatly inflated in Lilliput. According to Everett Zimerman, Gullivers behavior results from a comprehensible desire to demonstrate a capability that none of these giants had suspected (Zimmerman 120,) and in this instance, capability can correctly be read sexually. Gulliver embraces the sexual component connected with the power of gunpowder as he attempts to both sell the King on the idea of its necessity and on the capability displayed by Gullivers possession of its secrets: That a proper Quantity of this Powder rammed into an hollow Tube of Brass or Iron, according to its Bigness, would drive a Ball of Iron or Lead with such Violence and Speed, as nothing was able to sustain its Force. That, the largest Balls thus discharged, would not only Destroy whole Ranks of an Army at once, but batter the strongest Walls to the Ground.[]could direct his Workmen how to make those Tubes of a Size proportionable to all other Things in his Majestys Kingdom; and the lar gest need not be above two hundred Foot long; twenty or thirty of which Tubes, charged with the proper Quantity of Powder and Balls, would batter down the Walls (109-110).The sexuality underlying the obsessiveness with tubes and balls and size and hard elements and the battering down of walls in this brief passage is striking. The capitalization choices used in this edition of the book leave no doubt as to the significance of the sexual connotations inherent in Gullivers aggressive double-edged sales pitch. Looked at with these connotations in mind, Gulliver isnt just offering a mere weapon, hes offering to supply the King with the knowledge of how to build a potent two-hundred-foot long phallus that will give the monarch absolute power over his dominion (Boyle 37). The King, obviously comfortable with his own sexuality, refuses Gullivers offer with indignation and horror. Once again Gulliver is humiliated, his attempts to sublimate sexual frustration into his conception of a noble goal come to an ignoble end. Gullivers only hope to reestablish his sexual worth is to leave the land of the giants, and his exit from Brobdingnag is done in short order immediately following this final failure to prove his manhood. Gullivers adventures in Brobdingnag act as a direct comment upon his adventures in Lilliput and this contrast is very marked in response to Gullivers sexuality. Whereas in colossal sexual figure, in Brobdingnag he is subject to one sexual humiliation after another. This humiliation at the hands of the giant Brobdingnagian females eventually leads him to deny the quite obvious sexual desires that they instill. Denial of desires can lead either to unresolved repression or to the sublimation of those baser desires towards a higher goal. Gulliver chooses the latter, attempting to prove his sexual worth as a man by proving his intellectual capacity far exceeds that expected by the Brobdingnagian king. Upon this failure, Gullivers sublimation turns towads proving his manhood through aggression. Aggressive tendencies are a hallmark of sublimation. As Norman O. Brown points out, the psychoanalytic theory of sublimation leads on to the theory of the universal neurosis of mankind (48). The end result of Gullivers sublimation is his attempt to provide the King with the secrets to the ultimate product of mankinds neuroses: the weapon by which we can undo all sexuality by wiping all the odious little vermin off the surface of the earth. Works CitedBoyle, Frank. Swift as Nemesis. Stanford Univ. Press: Stanford, 2000.Brown, Laura. Reading Race and Gender: Jonathan Swift. Critical Essays on Jonathan Swift. Ed. Frank Palmeri. GK Hall Co.: New York, 1993.Brown, Norman O. The Excremental Vision. Swift. Prentice-Hall: Englewood Cliffs, 1964.Hinnant, Charles H. Purity and Defilement in Gullivers Travels. St. Martins Press: New York, 1987.Hunting, Robert. Jonathan Swift. Twayne Publishers Inc.: New York, 1967.Loewald, Hans W. Sublimation. Yale Univ. Press: New Haven, 1988.Pinkus, Philip. Swifts Vision of Evil. Vol. II Gullivers Travels. English Literary Studies: Univ. of Victoria, BC, Canada, 1975.Swift, Jonathan. Gullivers Travels. Ed. Robert A. Greenberg. WW Norton: New York 1970.Swift, Jonathan. A Tale of a Tub. The Norton Anthology of English Literature: The Restoration and the Eighteenth Century. WW Norton: New York, 2000.Zimmerman, Everett. Swifts Narrative Satires. Cornell Univ. Press: Ithaca,

Dulce Et Decorum Est The Charge Of The Light Brigade -...

War is a subject that often stirs upon many emotions with those directly or indirectly involved. It may bring tears, memories of suffering and loneliness, struggles, or victories. Such disturbance of peace has wounded and killed many souls. It is on the battlefield we see the most hideous side of human nature, for every soldiers only objective on the battlefield is to survive and win. Many people have opposing views about wars which may have been developed over time based on many factors such as family upbringing, culture, political views, or personal experiences. In the two poems studied, Wilfred Owens Dulce et Decorum est and Alfred, Lord Tennysons The Charge of the Light Brigade, war has been described with completely opposing†¦show more content†¦On the other hand, a quotation in Tennysons poem elevates the experience of war as soldiers with heightened spirits marched rhythmically closer toward their opponents despite the possibility of demise, Half a league half a leagu e, Half a league onward, All in the valley of Death Rode the six hundred: ‘Forward, the Light Brigade! Charge for the guns, he said: Into the valley of Death Rode the six hundred. (Tennyson, 1-8) The use of repetition in this quotation assisted in giving a sense of anticipation as well as creating a vivid imagery of the bravery of the soldiers, and building up tension as they move forward into the valley of Death. Not only do Owens and Tennysons depictions of war differ immensely, their views on a soldiers deaths hold opposing views as well. Owen describes the unsightly view of the soldiers death with a variety of metaphors and similes while Tennyson portrays a soldiers death as a glorifying and honourable event that would be perpetually celebrated. Owens poem conveys the distress of witnessing a soldiers death with tremendous details, And watch the white eyes writhing in his eyes, His hanging face, like a devils sick of sin; If you could hear, at every jolt, the blood Come gargling from the froth-corrupted lungs, Obscene as cancer, bitter as the cud Of vile, incurable sores on innocent tongues. (Owen, 19-24) Once again OwenShow MoreRelatedDulce Et Decorum Est The Charge of the Light Brigade - Poem Comparing and Contrasting Essay1179 Words   |  5 PagesMany people have opposing views about wars which may have been developed over time based on many factors such as family upbringing, culture, political views, or personal experiences. In the two poems studied, Wilfred Owens Dulce et Decorum est and Alfred, Lord Tennysons The Charge of the Light Brigade, war has been described with completely opposing views. In the former, Owen describes war as a horrifying and inglorious event with men in war being grim and sorrowful while the soldiers died devastatinglyRead MoreDulce Et Decorum Est And The Charge Of The Light Brigade740 Words   |  3 PagesExperience of Battle In this essay, I will be analyzing the two different poems â€Å"Dulce Et Decorum Est† and â€Å"The charge of the Light Brigade†. While reading and analyzing these poems I will be comparing and contrasting the difference between the two poems and also determining the poet’s literary devices to make the point of both authors. War is a sorted out exertion by a legislature or other vast association to stop or annihilation something that is seen as perilous or awful. It is for the mostRead MoreThe Tradition Of War Poetry Essay2221 Words   |  9 Pages The Tradition Of War Poetry By comparing and contrasting a selection of war poems consider the ways in which attitudes to war have been explored and expressed. When considering poetry written post 1900 concentrate on a selection of poems written by Wilfred Owen. Humans have turned to poetry in many different instances as a way of expressing them selves, using the best combination of words, in the best order to express exactly how they are feeling at that moment.

Managing Tourism and Hospitality Services Quality

Question: Discuss about the Managing Tourism and Hospitality Services Quality. Answer: Introduction: The critical success factors are the areas or activities in which an organization needs to excel for surviving in the marketplace. The hotel industry has critical success factors changing over time as the customer expectations keep changing and rising. Quality management is multifaceted and goes beyond customer service. External Customer- The external customers are the individuals that purchase products and services in exchange for money. A business does not exist without a customer. High occupancy rates shall indicate success of the total quality management processes in the hotel. Once the guests enter the hotel, the server must approach to escort them to the table and take their orders. There needs to be efficient communication with great attentiveness. The hotels may conduct feedback surveys, monitored and formulated to increase the database of loyal customers. The customers shall revisit the hotel if their needs and tastes are satisfied (Dedeoglu and Demirer 2015). In addition, contended external customers usually come back to make more purchases and even refer other potential customers they know to your business. An external purchaser who encounters negative experience within the hotel for example being treated impolitely by a staff member can as well deter the company by putting off other pros pective buyers from patronizing it (Prideaux, Moscardo, Laws, 2006). Internal Customer- The internal customers are the colleagues within the company who work together to deliver products or services to the external customer. While these internal customers might not necessary buy goods or services dealt in by their employer, they take a crucial role in the viability of the business. Besides, hotel administrators ought to ensure that the relationships among the employees are splendid because in case of a strained relation, the business operations they undertake can be adversely affected. The employees must recognize and know the corporate goals. The internal customers need to continually improve the process and focus on customer requirements. The employees in the hotel industry are expected to provide exceptional customer service. The organization or management need to ask their employees for suggestion as they directly interact with the guests visiting hotels and restaurants (Taylan, Varinli and Kitapci 2014). Strategic planning- Strategic planning is a process in which the hotels can prioritize and focus and implement plans. The hotels can use strategic planning to anticipate changes in the business environment, demands based on seasonality and the ways in which hotels can respond. The tourism organizations can develop a competitive edge by meeting the demand of customers. The employees need to be provided with formal training so that they serve their guests with highest service quality and hospitality (Nikolaidis, Chrysikou and Alexandris 2016). Strategically planning how to handle the customers visiting the premises is the first step in the success of the business. This process provides the management with a clear path and direction that the company should take to attain its set goals and objectives. Furthermore, implementing a strategy enables internal customers and other stakeholders to be on the same page, meaning that all of them will align to the primary aims of the business. Leadership- Different customers have different expectation from a hotel. The managers must have the authority to make decisions for satisfying the customers with greatest flexibility. The manager can turn the situation and earn good reputation for effective leadership. Leadership in quality management can foster employee responsibility in a manner that they meet their quality output goals. Hotels managers are expected to execute proper leadership skills. For instance, they can consider applying participative form leadership whereby they can involve their subjects in the decision-making processes. As Jones, Haven-Tang, (2005) point out, alienating internal customers from the decision-making undertakings also isolates from the plans of the business. Mobilizing them to bring about change in the business incentivizes them to be more focused in their assigned roles. The employees shall be motivated and the leaders must be proactive where they can improve overall quality (Liat, Mansori an d Huei 2014). Assessing Quality- Hoteliers ought to show significant interest in augmenting the quality of services provided to the customers. They should always work towards meeting their needs and anticipations and one way of doing this is by assessing quality of their amenities. Evaluating various aspects regarding service delivery not only enables the business to improve quality but also assists in assessing its position in the industry. Hotel administrators after assessing the wants of their guests, they get a chance to realize a loophole or a weak point where an improvement is needed. Supervisors at the floor, for instance, can walkabout during routine business hours to monitor proceedings and gather face-to-face feedback from the guests. Benchmarking is also another critical aspect of quality assessment. This involves detailed analysis of the companys performance against other hotels in a stipulated locality. In short this critical success factor is meant primarily to realize both threats a nd opportunities of a business and henceforth make rectifications where deemed necessary. Therefore, the above factors contribute to quality management and help the front office department. References Jones, E. E., Haven-Tang, C. (2005).Tourism SMEs, Service Quality, and Destination Competitiveness. Wallingford, UK, Cabi Pub. Http://Dx.Doi.Org/10.1079/9780851990118.0000 Liat, C., Mansori, S. and Huei, C., 2014. The Associations Between Service Quality, Corporate Image, Customer Satisfaction, and Loyalty: Evidence From the Malaysian Hotel Industry.Journal of Hospitality Marketing Management, 23(3), pp.314-326. Nikolaidis, D., Chrysikou, S. and Alexandris, K., 2016. Testing the relationship between hotel service quality and hotel brand personality.International Journal of Hospitality and Event Management, 1(4), p.355. Prideaux, B., Moscardo, G., Laws, E. (2006).Managing Tourism and Hospitality Services: Theory and International Applications. Wallingford, Cabi. Http://Dx.Doi.Org/10.1079/9781845930127.0000 Taylan Dortyol, I., Varinli, I. and Kitapci, O., 2014. How do international tourists perceive hotel quality?.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 26(3), pp.470-495.

Total Quality Management a Literature Review free essay sample

An employee, through being continuously engaged is in an ideal position to make an active contribution to continuous improvement. (Roberts, 1993) 2. The development of Total Quality Management At the conclusion of World War II American business enjoyed a dominant position within the global market. Industry within the U. S. A. was at its pinnacle while other nations were beginning the long and arduous journey to economic and industrial recovery. During this period American companies shifted their focus from yield and quality to other factors such as finance, marketing and restructuring the organisation. Petersen, 1999) Demand for consumer products had intensified. This was attributed to the scant availability of such items during the years of the war. Order books were full, and quality was of little importance while there were orders to fill. (Rayworth, 1993). It was at this time during the American occupation that Deming arrived in Japan. During this time he became acquainted with me mbers of the Union of Japanese Scientists and Engineers. We will write a custom essay sample on Total Quality Management a Literature Review or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In 1950 Deming was invited to speak at the Industry club by the president of the Federation of Economic Organisations, Ichiro Ishikawa. Leitner, 1999). As a result of his speech Deming was invited to present a series of lectures advocating his management theories. During the first such lecture Deming told his audience that if they followed his ideas they would be able to compete with other nations within 5 years. What appeared to be a simple message was music to the ears of forlorn and vanquished Japanese. One industry leader who had attended the lecture heeded Deming’s advice and within a few months saw his companies productivity rise by 30 per cent. Similar results were also noticed amongst other companies. Less than 12 months after Deming’s initial speech the Japanese created the eminent Deming prize. This award remains the highest form of recognition that a Japanese company can obtain. In 1954 Juran arrived in Japan and began to teach his own ideas on quality. Along with Feigenbaum, who published his book ‘Total Quality Control’ The quality movement was beginning to gain momentum. (McKenna, 1995) But it wasn’t until 1980 when the NBC produced a documentary titled, If Japan Can, Why Can’t We? – did the quality movement really take off. Osborn, 1990) Forms of quality management emerged during the 80’s in many manufacturing and service-sector companies, followed in the 90’s by public and welfare based organisations. (Tuckman, 1994). Today there are many awards associated with quality. The most recognised of these being the US Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award, the European Quality Award, the Japanese Deming Prize, the Canadian Quality Award and the Australian Quality Award. Together these awards represent a large proportion of global production of goods and services and account for over 70% of Gross national product across the planet. (Stading Vokurka, 2003). . Defining Total Quality Management There are many and varied thoughts about how to define TQM. Dellana Hauser (1999) identify an absence of consistency among studies on quality when attempting to define TQM. Boaden (1997) discusses the difficulty of trying to define TQM but acknowledges the importance in attempting to do so because TQM as a subject is now being taught in learning institutions. Patel (1993) agrees and cites definitions created by various authors before contending that TQM is a process that recognises that quality should be the primary focus, and the mission statement of the company should reflect this. TQM enables organisations to obtain a high degree of differentiation and to reduce costs. In an article contained within the TQM magazine, Popplewell and Aghaie (1997) cite the British Standards Institute definition. â€Å"A management philosophy embracing all activities through which the needs and expectations of the customer, the community and the objectives of the organisation are satisfied in the most efficient and cost effective way by maximising the potential of all employees in a continuing drive for improvement†. TQM is assumed to have been derived as a means of advancing Feigenbaum’s notion of total quality control (TQC). Feigenbaum views TQC as an efficient method ensuring quality in areas of development and maintenance. Improvement is combined to promote positive economic performance while still offering satisfaction to the customer. TQM pushes that envelope to include both the design of the product and its delivery to the client while incorporating other philosophies such as empowerment and teamwork. (McAndrew Ehigie, 2005) 4. Benefits of Total Quality Management Khan (2003) cites improvements in productivity, revenue, market-share and profits by companies that adopted TQM practices. These companies included; 3M, Motorola, Xerox, Solectron and Granite Rock Inc. In a survey given to 770 companies Mann Kehoe (1994) published results that further quantified positive results of TQM implementation. Areas of improvement included supplier relationship, process, policy deployment and customer relationship. Chiu, Chang Chen (2010) state by using TQM within the Human Resource context it leads to increased loyalty and satisfaction amongst its employees. Moreover, improved business performance is not limited by the scale of the organisation. This hints at the flexibility and durability of TQM. (Emery Barker, 2006). Competitive advantage can be gained and a company’s competitive capability can be enhanced when implementing an effective TQM process. (Zaim, Demirbag , Tekinkus Tatoglu, 1996). 5. Problems with Total Quality Management We have already considered the difficulty in attempting to define TQM, but what other issues are there to face when considering TQM? Numerous studies have shown that less than half of companies who have attempted to adopt a TQM approach have enjoyed any form of success. (Loomis, 1998). The picture painted by Gatchalian (1997) is even bleaker. She reports that the success rate of companies implicating TQM is as low as 20-35 per cent. The main reasons for failure were uncertain implementation processes, waning enthusiasm for the concept, deficient levels of empowerment on all levels, ineffective communication strategies through lack of planning and newly formed teams failing to act in a co-ordinated fashion. Noronha (2003) cites failure can be linked to a culture clash where TQM processes imported from other countries do not marry well with local society. He offers China as a prime example. Although all of these reasons are contributing factors in the potential shortcomings of successful TQM implementation, the overwhelming theme discovered through research points to the role that senior management plays in the failure of TQM. Senior managers have been found to be ignorant, pragmatic, apathetic and scared of embracing and implementing TQM throughout the organisation. (Gatchalian, 2007; Moghaddam Moballeghi, 2008; Chiu, 1999; Cooper Phillips, 1995). 6. 6Keys to successfully implementing an effective TQM strategy While acknowledging what factors can lead to the failure of TQM practices Gatchalian (1997) points to ingredients for success such as information sharing, effective communication process, education and involving everybody within the organisation. Rad (2006) places the emphasis on the senior manager stating that they are required to ensure compliance to TQM principles and values in all parts of their organisation. These include organisational structure, education, communication, process, procedure and compensation strategies. While Holder Walker (1993) argue that middle managers hold the key through understanding the importance of employee empowerment, strategic planning, performance measuring and displaying an empathy for the requirements of the customer. Employing measurement against performance factors is important to ensure continuous improvement and provide the opportunity to re-evaluate should the need arise. (Oakland, 2004, p. 446). Motwani (2001) lists Senior Management commitment, workforce empowerment and training, performance measuring, process management and customer satisfaction as five aligned factors that contribute to successful implementation. Gaining official accreditation through ISO 9000 is also seen as a method of implementing a successful TQM strategy. (Meegan, 1997; Najmi Kehoe, 2000) But what is ISO 9000? They are a collection of inclusive standards devised by an international group of specialised professionals to guarantee conformity in service and product by providing certification of the processes utilised to produce them. (Oslund Staff Writer, 1993) These standards define what the quality system should be and the levels that an organisation must aspire to in order to assure the client of a satisfying product. Bhuian, 1998) However Hansen et al (2004) warn these standards provide a guide on what to do but not how to do them and conclude by stating that ISO 9000 guides towards assurance which does not automatically translate to improved performance. Gotzamani Tsiotras (2002) apply a more sinister reason for companies striving for accreditation. They argue that accredited companies will declare that their motive in achieving certification is to satisfy their customers and improve quality. However the true reasons are more likely linked to competitors’ accreditation, supplier demands and customer expectations. While there appears to be much conjecture on how to successfully implement TQM into the workplace, there are common themes. A need for total commitment to TQM from senior management, effective process management, effective communication and employee empowerment and education are all viewed as essential components of a successful TQM strategy. It is somewhat ironic that despite the mountain of literature produced and research available, the preceding factors listed as dependant on success are four of the core values (Kruger, 2001) contained within Deming’s 14 point approach. Future Research 7. Conclusion 8. Reference list:

A Harvard Business School Essay Standards Essay Example

A Harvard Business School Essay Standards Essay Example A Harvard Business School Essay Standards Paper A Harvard Business School Essay Standards Paper Each students aiming at entering the HBS has to be familiar with the Harvard Business School essay standards. Compilation of this type of academic paper is a compulsory demand for each applicant. To write a winning paper, one needs to get familiar with the standards and main requirements. Primarily, it is necessary to get acquainted with the nature of the assignment. By its nature, it resembles the motivational letter which is always added to the standard set of applicant documents. It is descriptive and may imply info describing the achievements, aims, and plans of the applicant. Harvard Business School essay is far from the usual understanding of a motivational letter or descriptive essay. It is a complex assignment demanding serious approach from a student. A motivational letter can influence the choice of the committee greatly. That is why a student should pay many efforts and take care of a paper to make it properly written. In this assignment, an applicant has to describe his achievements and goals he reached currently. He can also implement info that characterizes his strength. Mentioning one’s weaknesses will also be an advantage. People respect those, who can critically assess oneself. Students can even mention their sources of motivation and discuss the factors, which influenced their choice of a higher education institution. Exists no standards of content. Originality and unique approach are the advantages for a student. With the help of a properly written motivation letter, a person can get a place at HBS and make one’s dreams come true! How to write HBS essay Each type of written assignment has its structural and content standards. A writer working on a delivery of a specific paper has to take into account all the important details to compile an essay in accordance with all rules. A Harvard Business School essay is a type of the assignment which by its nature resembles a motivation letter. It should be attention-grabbing, effective and informative to enable the student to convince the admission committee to accept him or her. It is important to take into consideration one’s target audience. Judging from it, one has to compile his or her document. A target audience, which is going to receive one’s Harvard Business School essay is going to read hundreds of students essays. However, your task is to compile a unique text that will be attention-grabbing and informative. You have to provide a number of strong arguments explaining that you are the one deserving a place in HBS. All the info you present should be perfectly polished. Try to write an essay that can impress you personally. Apart from that, you need to formulate a catchy title. It will help to attract the attention of the committee and distinguish your paper from a variety of available variants. All in all, while working on a compilation of this type of task you have to apply creative thinking and your original ideas. The great strategy will be to demonstrate the ability to think outside the box and approaching the life situations taking non-standard decisions. Do not forget to be odd, however, try not to exaggerate too much. Share your experience, demonstrate your achievements and describe your strength and weakness. All in all, being genuine and truthful is the best way to persuade the admission committee. Structure and content demands of the HBS essay Concerning the formatting peculiarities, Harvard Business School essay has to comprise an opening paragraph, body paragraphs, and a closing section. Each of these parts has its content specificities. Before moving to the very writing part, try to comprise an outline and plan your writing. Note a number of statements to have the body for your future essay. Choose interesting facts and experiences to enhance your essay only with the relevant info. Now you are ready to move to the introduction compilation. Start with an attention-grabbing statement. Bear in mind the fact the hook sentence will set the tone for the future writing. The next statement should provide the background. A target reader should be able to get the main sense, and you have to prepare him to get the main info. Set the scene and make the reader interested in the material. Write a clear thesis motivating your intention to enter the HBS. The following step is the creation of the main body section. You have to enhance it with the description of your achievements, experiences, and plans for the future. Try to explain the admission committee officer that you are the one, who deserves the place at HBS and you will pay for all the efforts to do your best. Enhance the section with real-life examples and proves. The last step is a compilation of a concluding part. The conclusion has to sum up all the info presented. It should serve as a sense-loaded and logical ending for your Harvard Business School essay. It should call a pleasant feeling after the target reader finishes reading it. All in all be clear and concise. Stick to the notes made in your outline. Do not make the text to overloaded. Try to be brief but relevant you will succeed! paperap.com can create a perfect paper for you! Compilation of a winning Harvard Business School essay is a challenging task for an inexperienced applicant. On the web exists a variety of professional business plan writing services, which can assist in the preparation of this assignment. However, not all of them are credible and reputable. paperap.com is a primary quality business plan service. Its specialists can quickly and easily prepare an ideal Harvard Business School essay for you. We hire a crew of the best specialists, who can quickly and easily cope with your task. Do not lose time! 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The Physical Therapist and the Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Physical Therapist and the Law - Essay Example [internet]). As a matter of fact, it is good for injury prevention in youth sports. (Hareyan, Armen. Injury Prevention. Physical Therapists Offer Tips For Injury Prevention April 10, 2007. EmaxHealth. [internet] Accessed February 11, 2010. Available at: ). In the State of Florida, the practice is covered by Chapter 486 of the Florida Statutes (2009) under Title XXXII of the law. (CHAPTER 486. PHYSICAL THERAPY PRACTICE. Title XXXII For one to be qualified as a licensed massage therapist, there are certain requirements to comply with. As basic requisites, the applicant must be at least eighteen years of age and must be of good moral character. For her or his professional qualifications or credentials, the applicant must meet any one of the three given circumstances which are (a) the applicant is a graduate from a physical therapy school duly accredited under the tutelage of the Commission of Recognition of Postsecondary Accreditation or the United States Department of Education upon her or his graduation, and has passed to the satisfaction of the Board of Physical Therapy Practice the American Registry Examination before 1971 or a national examination approved by the said Board of Physical Therapy Practice, or (b) the applicant has obtained a diploma from a physical therapy program in a foreign country or has educational qualifications equivalent to what is mandated of physical therapists in the United States d uly acknowledged by the proper agency accredited by the Board of Physical Therapy Practice, (Section 486.031 Physical therapist; licensing requirements. Ibid) or (c) the Board of Physical Therapy Practice has caused the issuance of a license to the applicant through the Department of Health without having taken any examination when she or he (the applicant) presents proof to the satisfaction of the Board of Physical Therapy Practice that she or he has passed the American Registry Examination before 1971 or an examination in physical therapy before a similar legally authorized examining board of another state, the District of Columbia, a territory or a foreign country where the standards for licensing physical therapy professionals are considered by the Board of Physical Therapy Practice as of the same level or category as those in Florida. (Section 486.081 Physical therapist; issuance of license without examination to person passing examination of another authorized examining board; fee. Ibid). In this third criterion, the professional may design or denominate herself or himself as a physical therapist or a physiotherapist or a P.T. She or he shall also pay to the Department of Health the appropriate fee not exceeding one hundred seventy five dollars as determined by the Board of Physical Therapy Practice. Physical therapy practice and police power Physical therapy being a career or a calling in Florida as in all other states,

The Idea of Reason and Democracy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Idea of Reason and Democracy - Essay Example Here, people are free to choose their leaders that they deem to be able to bring their country to a better place (Democracy - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Dictionary and Thesaurus - Merriam-Webster Online. N.p., n.d.). Reason, on the other hand, is an idea that is always associated with the effective implementation of democracy. It holds that every free act should be guided by moral laws where one’s freedom stops where another’s freedom begins. Reason also supports that every act should be for the greater good and not only satisfy individual benefits and interests. My own take to the principle of having Democracy influenced by the principle of reason at all times to be appropriate and the only key to possibly enjoy the fruits of democracy. This is because of the fact that though people are innately good, we are also battling the tendency to be selfish and to put our own interest first over the general good. Thus, if democracy were to fun ction on its own, the presence of different interests of people which will lead to a wide array of actions that will fulfill their own purposes would cause unavoidable clash of interests that will step on other people’s freedom to act on their desires. This will be the cause of chaos in society that would defeat the purpose of democracy. As John Milton has given as an example to the tendency of evil when freedom is given without considering moral laws would be Adam and Eve. We all know that both of them have intellect and freewill and were given freedom to enjoy whatever was there in the Garden of Eden. However, even when they were given specific instructions by God to eat of the fruits of all tress except for the Tree of Good and Evil, they still struggled with obedience and ate the apple the snake lured them into (Milton's Areopagitica. St. Lawrence Institute. N.p., n.d.). Indeed, no matter how we are meant to be instruments of good by being blessed with a freedom that natu rally directs us to do good, we will constantly fall into temptation and sin which is why there is a need for managing of our wisdom and freewill which in our case would be the government that would balance democracy or freedom with reason or moral law. Another point Milton makes is that with freedom comes the desire to learn and have more. With this, there will be arguing of many opinions waiting to be heard. Though the end is good, the means are threatened to take the darker path which brings us to the principle that â€Å"the means does not justify the end† (Milton's Areopagitica. St. Lawrence Institute. N.p., n.d.). The worse fear of democracy without moral law is when men start to take the law into their own hands and rationalize everything to fit into their plan even when it means succumbing to evil. Another strong point made regarding this thesis would be that of Cicero’s excerpts. On the influence of law in the practice of democracy, he said: â€Å"True law is right reason in agreement with nature; it is of universal application†¦ The welfare of the people is the ultimate law. The precepts of the law are these: to live honestly, to injure no one, and to give everyone else his due. According to the law of nature it is only fair that no one should become richer through damages and injuries suffered by another. The strictest law often causes the most serious wrong. The more laws, the less justice. †¦